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We All Have the Same Swords We Have the Same Guns But Great Art Has Felled Empires

Written By Sunday, May 8, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Bladed weapon larger than a pocketknife or dagger

A sword is an edged, bladed weapon intended for manual cutting or thrusting. Its blade, longer than a knife or dagger, is attached to a hilt and can exist straight or curved. A thrusting sword tends to have a straighter blade with a pointed tip. A slashing sword is more likely to be curved and to take a sharpened cut edge on one or both sides of the bract. Many swords are designed for both thrusting and slashing. The precise definition of a sword varies by historical epoch and geographic region.

Historically, the sword developed in the Bronze Age, evolving from the dagger; the earliest specimens date to virtually 1600 BC. The later Iron Age sword remained adequately short and without a crossguard. The spatha, as it adult in the Belatedly Roman army, became the predecessor of the European sword of the Center Ages, at offset adopted every bit the Migration Menstruation sword, and only in the Loftier Middle Ages, developed into the classical arming sword with crossguard. The word sword continues the Old English language, sweord.[1]

The use of a sword is known every bit swordsmanship or, in a mod context, as fencing. In the Early Mod menstruum, western sword pattern diverged into two forms, the thrusting swords and the sabers.

Thrusting swords such as the rapier and eventually the smallsword were designed to impale their targets chop-chop and inflict deep stab wounds. Their long and straight withal low-cal and well counterbalanced design made them highly maneuverable and mortiferous in a duel but fairly ineffective when used in a slashing or chopping motion. A well aimed lunge and thrust could end a fight in seconds with just the sword'south point, leading to the development of a fighting manner which closely resembles modernistic fencing.

The sabre and like blades such as the cutlass were built more heavily and were more typically used in warfare. Built for slashing and chopping at multiple enemies, often from horseback, the saber's long curved blade and slightly frontwards weight balance gave it a deadly character all its own on the battlefield. About sabers besides had sharp points and double-edged blades, making them capable of piercing soldier after soldier in a cavalry charge. Sabers continued to meet battlefield utilize until the early 20th century. The U.s. Navy kept tens of thousands of sturdy cutlasses in their armory well into World War 2 and many were issued to Marines in the Pacific as jungle machetes.

Non-European weapons classified as swords include single-edged weapons such as the Middle Eastern scimitar, the Chinese Dao and the related Japanese katana. The Chinese jiàn 剑 is an case of a not-European double-edged sword, like the European models derived from the double-edged Atomic number 26 Age sword.

History [edit]

Prehistory and antiquity [edit]

Bronze Age [edit]

The offset weapons that tin be described as "swords" date to around 3300 BC. They have been establish in Arslantepe, Turkey, are made from arsenical bronze, and are about 60 cm (24 in) long.[2] Some of them are inlaid with silver.

Apa-blazon swords, 17th-century BC

The sword developed from the knife or dagger. The sword became differentiated from the dagger during the Bronze Age (c. 3000 BCE), when copper and statuary weapons were produced with long leaf-shaped blades and with hilts consisting of an extension of the blade in handle class. A knife is different a dagger in that a knife has only one cut surface, while a dagger has ii cutting surfaces.[iii] Construction of longer blades became possible during the third millennium BC in the Center E, first in arsenic copper, and so in tin-bronze.[4]

Blades longer than 60 cm (24 in) were rare and not applied until the late Bronze Age because the Young'due south modulus (stiffness) of bronze is relatively depression, and consequently longer blades would bend easily.[v] The development of the sword out of the dagger was gradual; the offset weapons that tin exist classified every bit swords without whatever ambiguity are those found in Minoan Crete, dated to about 1700 BC, reaching a total length of more than 100 cm (39 in). These are the "type A" swords of the Aegean Bronze Age.[half dozen] [7]

1 of the most of import, and longest-lasting, types swords of the European Bronze Age was the Naue Two type (named for Julius Naue who first described them), also known every bit Griffzungenschwert (lit. "grip-tongue sword"). This type first appears in c. the 13th century BC in Northern Italian republic (or a full general Urnfield background), and survives well into the Iron Age, with a life-span of about seven centuries. During its lifetime, metallurgy changed from statuary to iron, but not its basic design.[8]

Naue Two swords were exported from Europe to the Aegean, and as far afield equally Ugarit, first about 1200 BC, i.e. just a few decades earlier the terminal collapse of the palace cultures in the Bronze Age collapse.[9] Naue II swords could be every bit long as 85 cm, but most specimens fall into the threescore to 70 cm range. Robert Drews linked the Naue Type II Swords, which spread from Southern Europe into the Mediterranean, with the Bronze Age collapse.[x] Naue Ii swords, forth with Nordic full-hilted swords, were fabricated with functionality and aesthetics in mind.[11] The hilts of these swords were beautifully crafted and frequently contained false rivets in lodge to make the sword more than visually highly-seasoned. Swords coming from northern Denmark and northern Federal republic of germany usually contained three or more faux rivets in the hilt.[12]

Sword production in China is attested from the Bronze Age Shang Dynasty.[13] The technology for bronze swords reached its high point during the Warring States period and Qin Dynasty. Amongst the Warring States menses swords, some unique technologies were used, such as casting loftier can edges over softer, lower tin cores, or the awarding of diamond shaped patterns on the bract (run into sword of Goujian). Also unique for Chinese bronzes is the consistent use of loftier tin bronze (17–21% tin) which is very difficult and breaks if stressed too far, whereas other cultures preferred lower tin can statuary (usually 10%), which bends if stressed too far. Although fe swords were made alongside bronze, it was not until the early Han catamenia that iron completely replaced bronze.[14]

In the Indian subcontinent, earliest bachelor Statuary age swords of copper were discovered in the Indus Valley Civilization sites in the northwestern regions of South Asia. Swords take been recovered in archaeological findings throughout the Ganges-Jamuna Doab region of Indian subcontinent, consisting of bronze but more commonly copper.[xv] Diverse specimens take been discovered in Fatehgarh, where there are several varieties of hilt.[15] These swords have been variously dated to times between 1700 and 1400 BC. Other swords from this period in India accept been discovered from Kallur, Raichur.[xv]

Iron Age [edit]

Fe became increasingly common from the 13th century BC. Before that the employ of swords was less frequent. The atomic number 26 was not quench-hardened although ofttimes containing sufficient carbon, just piece of work-hardened similar bronze by hammering. This fabricated them comparable or only slightly ameliorate in terms of strength and hardness to bronze swords. They could still bend during use rather than spring dorsum into shape. But the easier product, and the improve availability of the raw material for the first fourth dimension permitted the equipment of unabridged armies with metal weapons, though Statuary Age Egyptian armies were sometimes fully equipped with bronze weapons.[16]

Ancient swords are often found at burial sites. The sword was often placed on the right side of the corpse. Many times the sword was kept over the corpse. In many late Iron Age graves, the sword and the scabbard were aptitude at 180 degrees. It was known as killing the sword. Thus they might accept considered swords equally the most potent and powerful object.[17]

Indian artifact [edit]

Loftier-carbon steel for swords, which would later appear as Damascus steel, was likely introduced in Republic of india effectually the mid-1st millennium BCE.[xviii] The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions swords of Indian iron and steel being exported from ancient India to Hellenic republic.[xix] Blades from the Indian subcontinent made of Damascus steel as well establish their way into Persia.[19]

Greco-Roman artifact [edit]

By the time of Classical Antiquity and the Parthian and Sassanid Empires in Iran, atomic number 26 swords were common. The Greek xiphos and the Roman gladius are typical examples of the type, measuring some 60 to 70 cm (24 to 28 in).[20] [21] The late Roman Empire introduced the longer spatha[22] (the term for its wielder, spatharius, became a court rank in Constantinople), and from this fourth dimension, the term longsword is applied to swords insufficiently long for their corresponding periods.[23]

Swords from the Parthian and Sassanian Empires were quite long, the blades on some late Sassanian swords being but under a metre long.[24]

Swords were besides used to administer various concrete punishments, such as not-surgical amputation or capital punishment by decapitation. The use of a sword, an honourable weapon, was regarded in Europe since Roman times equally a privilege reserved for the nobility and the upper classes.[25]

Persian antiquity [edit]

In the first millennium BC the Persian armies used a sword that was originally of Scythian design called the akinaka (acinaces).[26] Still, the great conquests of the Persians made the sword more than famous as a Persian weapon, to the extent that the truthful nature of the weapon has been lost somewhat as the name Akinaka has been used to refer to whichever course of sword the Persian army favoured at the time.[27]

Darius I of Persia property an acinaces in his lap

It is widely believed that the original akinaka was a 35 to 45 cm (14 to xviii inch) double-edged sword. The design was non uniform and in fact identification is made more on the nature of the scabbard than the weapon itself; the scabbard usually has a large, decorative mount allowing information technology to be suspended from a belt on the wearer's correct side. Because of this, it is assumed that the sword was intended to be drawn with the blade pointing downwards set for surprise stabbing attacks.

In the 12th century, the Seljuq dynasty had introduced the curved shamshir to Persia, and this was in extensive use past the early on 16th century.

Chinese antiquity [edit]

Chinese iron swords fabricated their outset appearance in the later part of the Western Zhou Dynasty, just iron and steel swords were not widely used until the third century BC Han Dynasty.[14] The Chinese Dao (刀 pinyin dāo) is unmarried-edged, sometimes translated equally sabre or broadsword, and the Jian (劍 or 剑 pinyin jiàn) is double-edged. The zhanmadao (literally "horse chopping sword"), an extremely long, anti-cavalry sword from the Vocal dynasty era.

Middle Ages [edit]

Early medieval Europe [edit]

During the Middle Ages sword technology improved, and the sword became a very advanced weapon. The spatha type remained popular throughout the Migration period and well into the Eye Ages. Vendel Historic period spathas were decorated with Germanic artwork (non unlike the Germanic bracteates fashioned after Roman coins). The Viking Age saw again a more standardized production, but the bones design remained indebted to the spatha.[28]

Around the 10th century, the apply of properly quenched hardened and tempered steel started to become much more common than in previous periods. The Frankish 'Ulfberht' blades (the proper name of the maker inlaid in the blade) were of particularly consistent high quality.[29] Charles the Baldheaded tried to prohibit the consign of these swords, as they were used by Vikings in raids against the Franks.

Wootz steel which is also known as Damascus steel was a unique and highly prized steel adult on the Indian subcontinent every bit early every bit the 5th century BC. Its properties were unique due to the special smelting and reworking of the steel creating networks of fe carbides described every bit a globular cementite in a matrix of pearlite. The use of Damascus steel in swords became extremely popular in the 16th and 17th centuries.[nb 1] [30]

Information technology was simply from the 11th century that Norman swords began to develop the crossguard (quillons). During the Crusades of the 12th to 13th century, this cruciform type of arming sword remained substantially stable, with variations mainly concerning the shape of the pommel. These swords were designed equally cutting weapons, although effective points were becoming common to counter improvements in armour, especially the 14th-century change from post to plate armour.[31]

It was during the 14th century, with the growing use of more advanced armour, that the hand and a one-half sword, also known equally a "bastard sword", came into being. It had an extended grip that meant information technology could exist used with either one or two hands. Though these swords did not provide a full two-hand grip they allowed their wielders to concord a shield or parrying dagger in their off manus, or to use information technology as a ii-handed sword for a more powerful accident.[32]

In the Centre Ages, the sword was often used as a symbol of the word of God. The names given to many swords in mythology, literature, and history reflected the high prestige of the weapon and the wealth of the owner.[33]

Later Eye Ages [edit]

From around 1300 to 1500, in concert with improved armour, innovative sword designs evolved more than and more chop-chop. The primary transition was the lengthening of the grip, assuasive two-handed apply, and a longer blade. By 1400, this type of sword, at the fourth dimension called langes Schwert (longsword) or spadone, was common, and a number of 15th- and 16th-century Fechtbücher offering instructions on their utilise survive. Another variant was the specialized armour-piercing swords of the estoc type. The longsword became pop due to its extreme reach and its cutting and thrusting abilities.[34]

The estoc became popular because of its ability to thrust into the gaps between plates of armour.[35] The grip was sometimes wrapped in wire or fibroid animal hibernate to provide a amend grip and to make it harder to knock a sword out of the user's hand.[36]

A number of manuscripts covering longsword gainsay and techniques dating from the 13th–16th centuries be in German,[37] Italian, and English language,[38] providing extensive information on longsword combatives as used throughout this period. Many of these are now readily bachelor online.[37] [38]

In the 16th century, the large zweihänder was used by the elite High german and Swiss mercenaries known as doppelsöldners.[39] Zweihänder, literally translated, means two-hander. The zweihänder possesses a long blade, as well as a huge guard for protection. It is estimated that some zweihänder swords were over 6 feet (i.8 m) long, with the one ascribed to Frisian warrior Pier Gerlofs Donia being vii feet (2.thirteen k) long.[40] The gigantic blade length was perfectly designed for manipulating and pushing abroad enemy pole-arms, which were major weapons around this time, in both Germany and Eastern Europe. Doppelsöldners also used katzbalgers, which means 'cat-gutter'. The katzbalger's S-shaped baby-sit and ii-foot-long (0.61 thou) bract made it perfect for bringing in when the fighting became as well close to use a zweihänder.[41]

Civilian use of swords became increasingly common during the late Renaissance, with duels beingness a preferred way to honourably settle disputes.

The side-sword was a type of war sword used by infantry during the Renaissance of Europe. This sword was a straight descendant of the arming sword. Quite popular between the 16th and 17th centuries, they were ideal for handling the mix of armoured and unarmoured opponents of that fourth dimension. A new technique of placing one'south finger on the ricasso to improve the grip (a do that would keep in the rapier) led to the production of hilts with a guard for the finger. This sword blueprint eventually led to the evolution of the civilian rapier, but it was non replaced past it, and the side-sword continued to be used during the rapier'south lifetime. As it could be used for both cutting and thrusting, the term cutting and thrust sword is sometimes used interchangeably with side-sword.[42] As rapiers became more popular, attempts were made to hybridize the blade, sacrificing the effectiveness establish in each unique weapon blueprint. These are still considered side-swords and are sometimes labeled sword rapier or cutting rapier by modernistic collectors.

Side-swords used in conjunction with bucklers became so pop that it caused the term swashbuckler to exist coined. This give-and-take stems from the new fighting mode of the side-sword and buckler which was filled with much "swashing and making a dissonance on the buckler".[43]

Within the Ottoman Empire, the use of a curved sabre called the Yatagan started in the mid-16th century. It would go the weapon of pick for many in Turkey and the Balkans.[44]

The sword in this time period was the most personal weapon, the most prestigious, and the almost versatile for close combat, but it came to refuse in military use equally technology, such every bit the crossbow and firearms inverse warfare. However, it maintained a key role in noncombatant self-defense force.[45]

Almost East and Africa [edit]

The earliest bear witness of curved swords, or scimitars (and other regional variants as the Arabian saif, the Western farsi shamshir and the Turkic kilij) is from the ninth century, when it was used amongst soldiers in the Khurasan region of Persia.[46]

The takoba is a blazon of broadsword originating in the Sahel, descended from the various Byzantine and Islamic swords used across Due north Africa. Strongly associated with the Tuaregs, information technology has a straight double-edged bract measuring about one meter in length, ordinarily imported from Europe.[47] [48] Abyssinian swords related to the Persian shamshir are known equally shotel.[49] The Ashanti people adopted swords under the name of akrafena. They are nevertheless used today in ceremonies, such as the Odwira festival.[50] [51]

East Asia [edit]

Chinese dao and scabbard of the 17th–18th century

Every bit steel applied science improved, single-edged weapons became popular throughout Asia. Derived from the Chinese Jian or dao, the Korean hwandudaedo are known from the early medieval 3 Kingdoms. Product of the Japanese tachi, a precursor to the katana, is recorded from c. AD 900 (come across Japanese sword).[52]

Nihon was famous for the swords it forged in the early 13th century for the grade of warrior-nobility known as the Samurai. Western historians have said that Japanese katana were amidst the finest cutting weapons in world military history.[53] [54] [55] The types of swords used past the Samurai included the ōdachi (actress long field sword), tachi (long cavalry sword), katana (long sword), and wakizashi (shorter companion sword for katana). Japanese swords that pre-date the ascension of the samurai degree include the tsurugi (straight double-edged blade) and chokutō (straight i-edged blade).[56] Japanese swordmaking reached the height of its development in the 15th and 16th centuries, when samurai increasingly institute a need for a sword to use in closer quarters, leading to the creation of the mod katana.[57] High quality Japanese swords have been exported to neighboring Asian countries since before the 11th century. From the 15th century to the 16th century, more than than 200,000 swords were exported, reaching a quantitative pinnacle, but these were simple swords fabricated exclusively for mass production, specialized for consign and lending to conscripted farmers (ashigaru).[58] [59] [60]

Southward and Southeast Asia [edit]

In Republic of indonesia, the images of Indian style swords tin be found in Hindu gods statues from ancient Coffee circa 8th to 10th century. All the same the native types of blade known equally kris, parang, klewang and golok were more than popular as weapons. These daggers are shorter than a sword only longer than a common dagger.

In the Philippines, traditional large swords known as the Kampilan and the Panabas were used in gainsay past the natives. A notable wielder of the kampilan was Lapu-Lapu, the king of Mactan and his warriors who defeated the Spaniards and killed Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan at the Battle of Mactan on 27 April 1521.[61] Traditional swords in the Philippines were immediately banned, but the preparation in swordsmanship was later hidden from the occupying Spaniards by practices in dances. But considering of the banning, Filipinos were forced to use swords that were disguised as farm tools. Bolos and baliswords were used during the revolutions against the colonialists non only because ammunition for guns was scarce, only also for concealability while walking in crowded streets and homes. Bolos were also used by young boys who joined their parents in the revolution and by young girls and their mothers in defending the town while the men were on the battlefields. During the Philippine–American War in events such as the Balangiga Massacre, nearly of an American visitor was hacked to death or seriously injured by bolo-wielding guerillas in Balangiga, Samar.[62] When the Japanese took command of the country, several American special operations groups stationed in the Philippines were introduced to the Filipino Martial Arts and swordsmanship, leading to this style reaching America despite the fact that natives were reluctant to allow outsiders in on their fighting secrets.[63]

The Khanda is a double-edge straight sword. It is oftentimes featured in religious iconography, theatre and art depicting the ancient history of Republic of india. Some communities venerate the weapon equally a symbol of Shiva. It is a common weapon in the martial arts in the Indian subcontinent.[64] Khanda ofttimes appears in Hindu, Buddhist and Sikh scriptures and fine art.[65] In Sri Lanka, a unique wind furnace was used to produce the high quality steel. This gave the bract a very difficult cutting edge and cute patterns. For these reasons it became a very popular trading fabric.[66]

The Firangi (, derived from the Arabic term for a Western European a "Frank") was a sword type which used blades manufactured in Western Europe and imported by the Portuguese, or made locally in imitation of European blades. Because of its length the firangi is commonly regarded as primarily a cavalry weapon. The sword has been especially associated with the Marathas, who were famed for their cavalry. However, the firangi was also widely used by Sikhs and Rajputs.[67]

The Talwar (Hindi: तलवार) is a type of curved sword from Bharat and other countries of the Indian subcontinent, information technology was adopted past communities such as Rajputs, Sikhs and Marathas, who favored the sword as their main weapon. It became more widespread in the medieval era.[68] [69]

The Urumi (Tamil: சுருள் பட்டாக்கத்தி surul pattai , lit. crimper blade; Sinhala: එතුණු කඩුව ethunu kaduwa ; Hindi: aara ) is a "sword" with a flexible whip-like blade.[seventy]

  • Firangi

Early modern history [edit]

Military sword [edit]

A single-edged type of sidearm used by the Hussites was popularized in 16th-century Germany under its Czech name Dusack, too known every bit Säbel auf Teutsch gefasst ("sabre fitted in the German fashion").[71] A closely related weapon is the schnepf or Swiss sabre used in Early Mod Switzerland.[72]

The cut-and-thrust mortuary sword was used later on 1625 past cavalry during the English Civil State of war. This (commonly) two-edged sword sported a half-basket hilt with a straight blade some 90–105 cm long. Later on in the 17th century, the swords used by cavalry became predominantly single-edged. The so-called walloon sword (épée wallone)[73] was mutual in the Thirty Years' War and Bizarre era.[74] Its hilt was ambidextrous with shell-guards and knuckle-bow that inspired 18th century continental hunting hangers.[75] Following their campaign in the netherlands in 1672, the French began producing this weapon as their showtime regulation sword.[76] Weapons of this design were as well issued to the Swedish army from the time of Gustavus Adolphus until every bit late every bit the 1850s.[77]

Duelling sword [edit]

The rapier is believed to have evolved either from the Spanish espada ropera or from the swords of the Italian nobility somewhere in the later role of the 16th century.[78] [79] The rapier differed from most before swords in that it was non a military weapon but a primarily noncombatant sword. Both the rapier and the Italian schiavona developed the crossguard into a basket-shaped guard for manus protection.[80] During the 17th and 18th centuries, the shorter minor sword became an essential fashion accessory in European countries and the New Earth, though in some places such equally the Scottish Highlands large swords as the handbasket-hilted broadsword were preferred, and most wealthy men and military machine officers carried i slung from a chugalug. Both the small sword and the rapier remained popular dueling swords well into the 18th century.[81]

Every bit the wearing of swords barbarous out of fashion, canes took their place in a admirer's wardrobe. This developed to the gentlemen in the Victorian era to use the umbrella. Some examples of canes—those known as sword canes or swordsticks—incorporate a concealed blade. The French martial fine art la canne developed to fight with canes and swordsticks and has now evolved into a sport. The English martial fine art singlestick is very similar. With the rise of the pistol duel, the duelling sword fell out of way long before the practice of duelling itself. By about 1770, English language duelists enthusiastically adopted the pistol, and sword duels dwindled.[82] However, the custom of duelling with epées persisted well into the 20th century in France. Such modern duels were non fought to the expiry; the duellists' aim was instead merely to draw claret from the opponent's sword arm.[83]

Tardily modern history [edit]

Military sidearm [edit]

Towards the terminate of its useful life, the sword served more as a weapon of self-defense than for use on the battleground, and the military importance of swords steadily decreased during the Modern Historic period. Even as a personal sidearm, the sword began to lose its preeminence in the early 19th century, reflecting the development of reliable handguns.[45]

However, swords were still normally carried in combat past cavalrymen and past officers of other branches throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, both in colonial and European warfare. For example, during the Aceh War the Acehnese Klewangs, a sword similar to the machete, proved very effective in close quarters combat with Dutch troops, leading the Purple Netherlands East Indies Army to prefer a heavy cutlass, also called klewang (very similar in advent to the Us Navy Model 1917 Cutlass) to counter it. Mobile troops armed with carbines and klewangs succeeded in suppressing Aceh resistance where traditional infantry with rifle and bayonet had failed. From that fourth dimension on until the 1950s the Royal Dutch East Indies Regular army, Royal Dutch Army, Royal Dutch Navy and Dutch law used these cutlasses called Klewang.[84] [85]

Swords connected in general peacetime use by cavalry of nearly armies during the years prior to World War I. The British Army formally adopted a completely new design of cavalry sword in 1908, near the last change in British Army weapons earlier the outbreak of the state of war.[86] At the outbreak of World State of war I infantry officers in all combatant armies then involved (French, High german, British, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, Belgian and Serbian) notwithstanding carried swords as part of their field equipment. On mobilization in August 1914 all serving British Army officers were required to have their swords sharpened as the but peacetime use of the weapon had been for saluting on parade.[87] The high visibility and limited applied use of the sword withal led to information technology being abandoned within weeks, although most cavalry connected to carry sabres throughout the war. While retained as a symbol of rank and status by at least senior officers of infantry, arms and other branches the sword was usually left with non-essential baggage when units reached the front line.[88] Information technology was not until the late 1920s and early 1930s that this historic weapon was finally discarded for all simply ceremonial purposes by most remaining equus caballus mounted regiments of Europe and the Americas.

In China troops used the long anti-cavalry Miao dao well into the 2nd Sino-Japanese War. The terminal units of British heavy cavalry switched to using armoured vehicles as belatedly as 1938. Swords and other dedicated melee weapons were used occasionally by many countries during World War 2, but typically as a secondary weapon equally they were outclassed by coexisting firearms.[89] [xc] [91] A notable exception was the Purple Japanese Army where, for cultural reasons, all officers and warrant officers carried the Type 94 shin-gunto ("new armed services sword") into battle from 1934 until 1945.[92]

Ceremonial use [edit]

Swords are commonly worn as a ceremonial item by officers in many military machine and naval services throughout the globe. Occasions to wear swords include any event in dress uniforms where the rank-and-file carry arms: parades, reviews, courts-martial, tattoos, and changes of command. They are also commonly worn for officers' weddings, and when wearing clothes uniforms to church—although they are rarely really worn in the church itself.

In the British forces they are also worn for whatever appearance at Court. In the United States, every Naval officeholder at or above the rank of Lieutenant Commander is required to ain a sword, which can exist prescribed for any formal outdoor ceremonial occasion; they are normally worn for changes of control and parades. For some Navy parades, cutlasses are issued to Petty Officers and Main Picayune Officers.

In the U.S. Marine Corps every officer must own a sword, which is prescribed for formal parades and other ceremonies where dress uniforms are worn and the rank-and-file are nether arms. On these occasions depending on their billet, Marine Non-Commissioned Officers (Eastward-four and above) may also be required to carry swords, which have hilts of a pattern similar to U.S. Naval officers' swords but are actually sabres. The USMC Model 1859 NCO Sword is the longest continuously-issued edged weapon in the U.South. inventory

The Marine officer swords are of the Mameluke pattern which was adopted in 1825 in recognition of the Marines' key part in the capture of the Tripolitan urban center of Derna during the First Barbary State of war.[93] Taken out of result for approximately 20 years from 1855 until 1875, it was restored to service in the year of the Corps' centennial and has remained in issue since.

Religious [edit]

In the occult practices of Wicca, a sword or knife frequently referred to as an athame is used as a magical tool.[94]

Sword replicas [edit]

The product of replicas of historical swords originates with 19th-century historicism.[95] Gimmicky replicas can range from cheap mill produced look-alikes to verbal recreations of private artifacts, including an approximation of the historical product methods.

Some kinds of swords are still commonly used today as weapons, oftentimes as a side arm for military machine infantry. The Japanese katana, wakizashi and tanto are carried by some infantry and officers in Nippon and other parts of Asia and the kukri is the official melee weapon for Nepal. Other swords in use today are the sabre, the scimitar, the shortsword and the machete.[96]

  • In the case of a rat-tail tang, the maker welds a thin rod to the stop of the blade at the crossguard; this rod goes through the grip.[97]
  • In traditional construction, Swordsmiths peened such tangs over the terminate of the pommel, or occasionally welded the hilt piece of furniture to the tang and threaded the end for screwing on a pommel. This mode is often referred to as a "narrow" or "subconscious" tang. Mod, less traditional, replicas often feature a threaded pommel or a pommel nut which holds the hilt together and allows dismantling.[ citation needed ]
  • In a "full" tang (most commonly used in knives and machetes), the tang has about the aforementioned width as the blade, and is more often than not the same shape equally the grip.[98] In European or Asian swords sold today, many advertised "full" tangs may actually involve a forged rat-tail tang.

Morphology [edit]

The sword consists of the blade and the hilt. The term scabbard applies to the cover for the sword bract when not in utilize.

Bract [edit]

Sword parts-en.svg

There is considerable variation in the detailed design of sword blades. The diagram contrary shows a typical Medieval European sword.

Early iron blades take rounded points due to the limited metallurgy of the time. These were nevertheless constructive for thrusting against lightly armoured opponents. As armour advanced, blades were made narrower, stiffer and sharply pointed to defeat the armour by thrusting.

Dedicated cutting blades are broad and thin, and frequently accept grooves known every bit fullers which lighten the blade at the cost of some of the blade'due south stiffness. The edges of a cutting sword are almost parallel. Blades oriented for the thrust take thicker blades, sometimes with a singled-out midrib for increased stiffness, with a strong taper and an astute point. The geometry of a cut sword blade allows for acute border angles. An border with an acuter angle is more inclined to degrade quickly in combat situations than an edge with a more birdbrained bending. Also, an acute edge bending is not the primary factor of a blade'south sharpness.[99]

The part of the blade betwixt the heart of percussion (CoP) and the point is called the foible (weak) of the blade, and that between the eye of balance (CoB) and the hilt is the forte (potent). The section in between the CoP and the CoB is the center.

The ricasso or shoulder identifies a curt section of blade immediately below the guard that is left completely unsharpened. Many swords have no ricasso. On some large weapons, such as the High german Zweihänder, a metallic cover surrounded the ricasso, and a swordsman might grip it in one hand to wield the weapon more easily in shut-quarter combat.[41] The ricasso commonly bears the maker's mark.

The tang is the extension of the bract to which the hilt is fitted.

On Japanese blades, the maker'southward marking appears on the tang under the grip.[100]

Hilt [edit]

Main article: Hilt

Hilt of a rapier. In this case, with a swept hilt

The hilt is the commonage term for the parts allowing for the handling and control of the bract; these consist of the grip, the pommel, and a unproblematic or elaborate baby-sit, which in post-Viking Age swords could consist of only a crossguard (called a cruciform hilt or quillons). The pommel was originally designed as a stop to prevent the sword slipping from the mitt. From effectually the 11th century onward it became a counterbalance to the bract, allowing a more fluid manner of fighting.[ dubious – discuss ] [101] It can also exist used equally a blunt instrument at close range, and its weight affects the centre of percussion. In subsequently times a sword knot or tassel was sometimes added. Past the 17th century, with the growing use of firearms and the accompanying decline in the employ of armour, many rapiers and dueling swords had adult elaborate basket hilts, which protect the palm of the wielder and rendered the gauntlet obsolete.[102]

In tardily medieval and Renaissance era European swords, a flap of leather called the chappe or pelting guard was fastened to a sword's crossguard at the base of the hilt to protect the mouth of the scabbard and forestall h2o from inbound.[103]

Sword scabbards and suspension [edit]

Common accessories to the sword include the scabbard, too every bit the 'sword belt'.

  • The scabbard, also known as the sheath, is a protective cover oft provided for the sword blade. Over the millennia, scabbards have been made of many materials, including leather, wood, and metals such as contumely or steel. The metal fitting where the bract enters the leather or metal scabbard is called the pharynx, which is often office of a larger scabbard mountain, or locket, that bears a conveying band or stud to facilitate wearing the sword. The blade's point in leather scabbards is unremarkably protected past a metallic tip, or chape, which on both leather and metal scabbards is often given farther protection from wear by an extension chosen a drag, or shoe.[104]
  • A sword belt is a chugalug with an attachment for the sword's scabbard, used to carry information technology when not in use. It is normally stock-still to the scabbard of the sword, providing a fast means of drawing the sword in battle. Examples of sword belts include the Balteus used by the Roman legionary.[105]

Typology [edit]

Sword typology is based on morphological criteria on ane mitt (blade shape (cantankerous-section, taper, and length), shape and size of the hilt and pommel) and age and place of origin on the other (Bronze Age, Iron Age, European (medieval, early modernistic, modern), Asian).

The relatively comprehensive Oakeshott typology was created by historian and illustrator Ewart Oakeshott as a way to define and catalogue European swords of the medieval catamenia based on physical form, including blade shape and hilt configuration. The typology also focuses on the smaller, and in some cases contemporary, unmarried-handed swords such as the arming sword.[80]

Single and double-edged [edit]

As noted above, the terms longsword, broad sword, great sword, and Gaelic claymore are used relative to the era under consideration, and each term designates a particular type of sword.

Jian [edit]

In most Asian countries, a sword (jian 劍, geom (검), ken/tsurugi (剣) is a double-edged direct-bladed weapon, while a knife or saber (dāo 刀, exercise (도), to/katana (刀) refers to a single-edged object.

Kirpan [edit]

Among the Sikhs, the sword is held in very high esteem. A single-edged sword is called a kirpan, and its double-edged analogue a khanda or tega.[106]

Churika [edit]

The South Indian churika is a handheld double-edged sword traditionally used in the Malabar region of Kerala. It is also worshipped as the weapon of Vettakkorumakan, the hunter god in Hinduism.

Backsword and falchion [edit]

European terminology does give generic names for single-edged and double-edged blades but refers to specific types with the term 'sword' covering them all. For instance, the backsword may be then called because it is single-edged but the falchion which is also single-edged is given its own specific proper noun.[107]

Unmarried vs ii-handed utilise [edit]

Two-handed sword, Italia, circa 1623

Ii-handed [edit]

A ii-handed sword is whatsoever sword that usually requires 2 hands to wield, or more than specifically the very big swords of the 16th century.[101]

Throughout history two-handed swords have by and large been less common than their one-handed counterparts, one exception being their mutual use in Nippon.

Hand and a one-half sword [edit]

A Manus and a half sword, colloquially known as a "bastard sword", was a sword with an extended grip and sometimes pommel and then that it could be used with either one or ii hands. Although these swords may not provide a total two-hand grip, they allowed its wielders to hold a shield or parrying dagger in their off hand, or to use it as a two-handed sword for a more than powerful accident.[36] These should not be confused with a longsword, 2-handed sword, or Zweihänder, which were always intended to exist used with 2 hands.

Laws on carrying a sword [edit]

The Visigothic Code of Ervig (680-687) fabricated ownership of a sword mandatory for men joining the Visigothic ground forces, regardless whether the men were Goth or Roman.[108] A number of Charlemagne capitularies fabricated ownership of a sword mandatory, for instance, those who endemic a warehouse needed to besides own a sword.[108]

In fiction [edit]

In fantasy, magic swords often appear, based on their use in myth and fable. The science fiction counterpart to these is known as an energy sword (sometimes also referred to equally a "axle sword" or "laser sword"), a sword whose blade consists of, or is augmented by, full-bodied energy. A well known example of this blazon of sword is the lightsaber, shown in the Star Wars franchise.[ citation needed ]

Meet also [edit]

  • Arabic swords
  • Chinese swords
  • Classification of swords
  • Japanese swords
  • List of bract materials
  • List of sword manufacturers
  • List of swords
  • Oakeshott typology
  • Sword making
  • Sword replica
  • Swordsmanship
  • Types of swords
  • Waster

References [edit]

Footnotes
  1. ^ "Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades: Part 1 Pattern-Welding" (Maryon 1960)[thirty]A cursory review article by the originator of the term "pattern-welding" accurately details all the salient points of the construction of blueprint-welded blades and of how all the patterns observed result as a function of the depth of grinding into a twisted rod structure. The article as well includes a brief description of pattern-welding as encountered in the Malay keris. Damascus steel is as well known as watered steel.
Citations
  1. ^ cognate to Old High German swert, Old Norse sverð, from a Proto-Indo-European root *swer- "to wound, to cut". Before about 1500, the spelling swerd(e) was much more common than sword(e). The irregular loss of /w/ in English pronunciation also dates to about 1500, and is found in a small number of other words, such every bit answer (cf. swear), conquer (cf. query). Charles Barber, Joan Beal, Philip Shaw, The English Linguistic communication, Canto Classics, 2nd revised edition, Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 206 Archived 13 March 2017 at the Wayback Automobile. Latin had ensis, gladius and spatha; as the term for the sword used past the Late Roman army, spatha became the source of the words for "sword" in Romance languages, such as Italian spada, Iberian espada and French epée. Both gladius and spatha are loanwords in Latin; ensis was the generic term for "sword" in Classical Latin, and was once more widely used in Renaissance Latin, while Middle Latin mostly used gladius every bit the generic term.
  2. ^ Frangipane, Grand. et.al. 2010: The collapse of the 4th millennium centralised system at Arslantepe and the far-reaching changes in 3rd millennium societies. ORIGINI XXXIV, 2012: 237–60.
  3. ^ "sword | weapon | Britannica". www.britannica.com . Retrieved i May 2022.
  4. ^ Ramsey, Syed (12 May 2016). Tools of War: History of Weapons in Ancient Times. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN978-93-86019-fourscore-six.
  5. ^ Breverton, Terry (26 Apr 2012). Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions: A Compendium of Technological Leaps, Groundbreaking Discoveries and Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World. Quercus. ISBN978-1-78087-340-4.
  6. ^ Ramsey, Syed (12 May 2016). Tools of War: History of Weapons in Ancient Times. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN978-93-86019-80-half-dozen.
  7. ^ Sandars, N. K. (1961). "The Kickoff Aegean Swords and Their Ancestry". American Journal of Archeology. 65 (i): 17–29. doi:10.2307/502497. ISSN 0002-9114.
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External links [edit]

burgebutervirty.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword

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